• "Schedule"
• "Course paper"

Thursday 3/9: I started this lesson by letting you listen to three different speeches. The first one was Germany's declaration of war against Poland Septrember 1st 1939. It was strange to hear all the cheering in the backgroundwhen Hitler explained what "really happened" (notice the irony!). The second speech was Chamberlains speech - exactly 70 years old (September 3rd 1939). It was the British declaration of war against Germany. The third speech was Winston Churchills very famous speech made June 4th 1940 as a reply to Hitler's "peace invitation". I played the following part;

• Define the expression "Civilization".
• When did the first civilizations start according to historians?
• Where did the first civilizations start according to historians?
• Why did the first civilizations start according to historians?

1. Ancient Greece
2. The Roman Empire
3. Rise of Christianity + fall of Rome
4. Feudalism and Crusades
5. Medieval towns
6. Byzantine and Russian Empire
7. Development of Nations
8. The Renaissance
9. The Reformation + conflicts
10. Exploration – the Age of Discoveries

• Choose 2-3 netsources (not wikipedia) and send links to me
• Google "Western Civilization" and see what you can come up with...
• If I OK the links - start working...

• Ancient Greece
  • Andrea Blomkvist
  • Andrea Gottholm
• The Roman Empire
  • Lisa Pettersson
  • Lina Hammargren
• Rise of Christianity + fall of Rome
  • Matilda Andersson
    Denise Ferreras
• Feudalism and Crusades
  • Christian Saeland
    Victor Hallberg
• Medieval towns
  • Agnes Dahlin
    Sofie Nordkil
• Byzantine and Russian Empire
  • Nils Jelkeby
    Viktor Stenlöf
• Development of Nations
  • Rebecca Tivendale
  • William Kihlberg
• The Renaissance
  • Julia Kerf Andréasson
    Josefine Mattshede
• The Reformation + conflicts
  • Livia Granat
  • Sandra Frykman
• Exploration – the Age of Discoveries
  • Louise Gahnström
  • Daniel Nilsson

Thursday 17/9: As you can see above I have now published the list of your topic as well as who you should work with. Only 11 students sent an email to me so several addresses are missing. I have forwarded the email addresses to you as a pair if it has been given to me… For you who haven’t contacted me through email yet – you need to do so I can forward your email address to your “workmate”. Back to the lesson today - during this lesson it was your task to:

• Contact your partner
• Choose 2-3 net sources (not Wikipedia) and send links to me
• Google "Western Civilization" and see what you can come up with...
• If I OK the links - start working...

• Urbanization…
• Education – Universities - The first universities in Europe were established in the 12th century (1100's), and were still connected with the Church, although the students did not need to become monks to study there. Universities were only open to male students.
• Problems in the Catholic Church: the "Babylonian Captivity" and the "Great Schism". Eventually a split within the Church (“Reformation”)
• Decline of feudal power: strong National States under a centralized Monarchy. Several absolute Monarchs.
• Overseas Exploration – compass, gunpowder, astrolabe, charts…

1. Sir Francis Bacon’s belief in experimentation was the basis of modern science and the scientific method. Explain the meaning of these terms.
2. What were the main differences between the works of the Greek astronomer Ptolemy and the Polish churchman Nikolaus Copernikus?
3. How did the work of Kepler and Gallileo strengthen the Copernican theories?
4. ”Galileo and Sir Isaac Newton finished the work of Copernicus and Kepler” – To what extent do you agree with this statement?
5. Account for development and improvements in other sciences during the 16th and 17th centuries.
6. How was the work of scientists aided by the inventions of the following men: Napier; Torricelli; Fahrenheit; Celsius; Guericke; Huygens;?
7. What theories delayed the scientific study of Chemistry? What was proved by Boyle? Cavendish? Priestly? Lavoisier?
8. What did Gilbert and Franklin contribute to the study of electricity?

9. How did Vesalius method of studying anatomy differ from that of his professors? What did he accomplish?
10. Describe the discoveries of William Harvey, Zacharias Janssen and Anton van Leeuwenhoek.

Magazines (If you use a Magazine or a "Journal" you always start with the last name of the author...):

• Scientific Revolution
• ”Religious Wars” (like the 30-year war)
• Weakening of the Catholic Church
• Urban Education
• Mercantilism

• From Newton’s “Principia” (1687) to the French Revolution (1789)
• 1. England (Thomas Hobbes – “Leviathan”, John Locke – political philosophy, Adam Smith – “Wealth of Nations”)
• 2. France (Voltaire, Baron de Montesquieu, Denis Diderot, Rousseau – “Social Contract”)
• 3. German states (Goethe, Liebniz, Immanuel Kant – Skepticism)
• Rationalism
• Deism
• Romanticism
• Skepticism

• Political Revolutions – England, America, France
• US Constitution
• Romanticism
• Skepticism
• Capitalism

1. In what way was the Scientific Revolution a necessity for the Enlightenment?
2. What period do we talk about – when did the Enlightenment start and when was it over (what specific events marks the beginning and the end of this period)?
3. Several famous individuals formed new ideas inspired by this new intellectual movement – mention the most famous individuals of the Enlightenment.
4. Which countries did the intellectuals above come from?
5. Why do you think that these specific countries produced the most famous representatives of the Enlightenment?
6. Present the main ideas of each famous individual mention on the previous page.
7. What results did these ideas have?

• The English Revolution
• The American Revolution
• The French Revolution

1. In what way did the English monarchy under the Tudors differ from most of the monarchies in Europe ?
2. What were the causes of the English Civil War 1642?
3. How and why did Oliver Cromwell become a dictator?
4. What were the main results of the English Revolution?
5. What were the causes of the Glorious Revolution?
6. What were the main results of the Glorious Revolution?
7. How did cabinet government develop under the Hanoverian rulers?

• 1492 - Christopher Columbus
• 1490's - Amerigo Vespucci
• 1497 - John Cabot
• 1524 - Giovanni Verrazano

• 1607 - "Virginia". A private investment from the "Virginia Company". They established "Jamestown". Started to cultivate tobacco. In 1619 the first slaves were brought to these tobacco plantations...
• 1620 - Massachusetts (Mayflower and the "Pilgrims"). A religious immigration - "puritans".

1. Discuss the differences between the English colonies in North America and England in the middle of the 17th century.
2. Discuss the events that led the colonists to proclaim their independence July 4th 1776.
3. In what respects was the American War of Independence part of a worldwide conflict among the European nations?
4. Discuss the results of the American Revolution.

1. Account for the centralization of power to the French King from the early 16th century to Louis XIV (died 1715).
2. Explain Mercantilism and the role it played in France during the 17th century.
3. What was the most important problem facing the French government in the 18th century? Why did efforts to solve it fail?
4. Why did Louis XVI summon the Estates-General 1788?
5. What were the causes of the French Revolution 1789?
6. Describe the conditions which led to a “second” French Revolution.
7. What conditions led to the Reign of Terror?
8. What did the Committee of Public Safety accomplish?
9. Why was the Directory unsuccessful?

1. Why was a Congress necessary?
2. Who participated in the Congress and how was the Congress set up?
3. Who were the dominating countries/representatives?
4. What questions/issues did each of the dominating countries/representatives favour?
5. What were the main problems the Congress focused on?
6. How did the Congress solve these problems?
7. What other decisions were taken at the Congress?
8. How did the countries continue to work after the Congress of Vienna?
9. Was the Vienna settlement a success or a failure?

1. Italian States - Italy
2. German Confederation - Germany
3. Industrial Revolution
4. Great Britain
5. France
6. Russia
7. USA
8. Ottoman Empire
9. India
10. China
11. Japan
12. Latin America
13. Africa

1. Italian States - Italy (Livia)
2. German Confederation - Germany (Carl)
3. Industrial Revolution (Sandra+Lisa)
4. Great Britain (Louise+Andrea)
5. France (Marc)
6. Russia (Margaret+Christian)
7. USA (Daniel+William)
8. Ottoman Empire (Nils)
9. India (Astrid+Linda+Matilda)
10. China (Agnes+Josefine)
11. Japan (Julia+Denise)
12. Latin America (Sofie+Rebecca)
13. Africa (Viktor+Victor)

1. Italian States - Italy (Livia)
2. German Confederation - Germany (Carl)
3. Great Britain (Louise+Andrea)
4. USA (Daniel)
5. Ottoman Empire (Nils)
6. Japan (Julia+Denise)

1. Industrial Revolution (Sandra+Lisa)
2. Russia (Margaret+Christian)
3. India (Astrid+Linda)
4. China (Agnes+Josefine)

• Make bullet points about the different conflicts between countries; which countries, what the problem was and how it was solved.
• Then make bullet points about the development of the "Triple Alliance" and the "Triple Entente". I will go through these parts with your help next time...

• 1873 - The Dreikaiserbund (Germany, Austria-Hungary and Russia) - disagreements 1875 - falling apart 1878
• 1879 - Dual Alliance (Germany and Austria-Hungary)
• 1882 - Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy)
• 1887 - Reinsurance Treaty (Germany and Russia)

• 1894 - Military alliance ( France and Russia)
• 1904 - Entente Cordiale (France and Great Britain) - just about colonial matters, but still an alliance between two "archenemies"
• 1907 - Triple Entente (France, Great Britain and Russia)

• Universal manhood suffrage
• Education extended
• Enormous gains with science, medecine, industry and technology
• Global economy ("interdependence")

• Alfred Nobel (Swedish) - Created the Nobel Peace Prize in 1896 (US President Theodore Roosevelt received it in 1905...)
• Andrew Carnegie (Scottish/USA) - Built the Palace of Peace in The Hague ( Netherlands ). Several International Congresses between 1899-1907

We had also seen political attempts of peace keeping in Europe after the Napoleonic Wars. The "Concert of Europe" (Congress System) was established after the Vienna Congress. In the middle of the 19th century it had weakened but some attempts to continue the system were made in the later part of the century: the "Congress of Berlin" 1878 and the peaceful partition of Africa between the European states (nobody asked the native populations of Africa what they thought about this partition...). Some other International organizations of importance were:

• Pan-American movement (1889 - Pan-American Union / 1948 OAS - Organization of American States)
• Geneva Convention (1864)
• International Telegraph Union (1868)
• General Postal Union (1874)
• Olympic Games (1896)

• Imperialism - national rivalries in the colonies
• Alliance System - the development of two rival alliances including the big countries of Europe: Triple Alliance against Triple Entente
• Balkan problems - national rivalries as well as the problem of the weak Ottoman Empire (the "Eastern Question") + the Balkan Wars
• Arms Race (between all the major countries - conscription and mass armies, the development of artillery and machine guns, railroad development for military use, and especially the naval competition between Great Britain and Germany)
• Diplomatic Crisis (Moroccan Crisis 1905, Bosnian Crisis 1908-09, Moroccan Crisis 1911...
• French wish for revenge (after the defeat in the Franco-Prussian War 1870-71)
• German unification - a new very strong power in central Europe disturbed the previous political/economic balance of Europe
• Wilhelm II - a Kaiser with lots of power but not very good diplomatic skills...
• Economic rivalry (especially between Great Britain and Germany )
• Serbian nationalism and attempts to create "Big Serbia"
• Russia's consistent backing of Serbia
• Germany 's constant backing of her ally Austria-Hungary (Blank Cheque - both in 1908-09 and in 1914)
• Social Darwinism - the beliefs in superiority
• Public acceptance and even a will to go to war (backed up by several leading politicians)
• Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sofie in Sarajevo June 28th 1914
• July Crisis 1914 (Austria-Hungary plans, German backup - blank cheque, Austria-Hungary's "super-ultimatum" to Serbia, Austria-Hungarian declaration of war July 28th 1914 - exactly one month after the assassination, Russian mobilization, German declaration of war against Russia, French mobilization, German declaration of war against France, German invasion of Belgium, British declaration of war against Germany...)

It's a complex web of causes that led to WWI! Then we started to cover some of the war ("Course"). We will continue with this next lesson. Please read the rest of Chapter 26 about WWI in the paper you have received (pages: 575-589). See you on Thursday!

• Machine guns: These weapons were first used in the American Civil War to devastating effect. But with World War One their effectiveness reached frightening new levels. Firing up to 600 bullets a minute (the equivalent of 250 men with rifles), Machine Guns were then deemed to be ‘weapons of mass destruction’.
• Artillery: These were the new and upgraded versions of cannons. Never in the history of man, where there so many cannons used in one war alone. For four years the British had been using artillery and firing 170 million shells in that time. But Germany had a plan up their sleeve. For years, German scientists were developing the biggest artillery ever known. It was call the ‘Big Bertha’. Big Bertha was so powerful it could fire at the heart of Paris from 120 kilometers away. The cannons weren’t the only things that had been improved. The shells were upgraded as well. Instead of ordinary shells, new high-explosive shells were developed. The Shells were thin casings and were filled with tiny lead pellets. This was so effective, that artillery fire killed hundreds and thousands of men. It also blew the ground, which made hiding much more difficult.
• Gas Grenades: These were highly toxic and very effective weapons. The Germans had invented 3 main gas grenades. The first was Chlorine gas, which was used at the battle of Ypres in 1915, killing thousands. Second was Phosgene gas and third was Mustard gas. This burned the lungs of the inhaler leaving them to die in agony. Gas masks were issued to everyone in the country, but they weren’t so useful and many people died.
• Transportation: transportation greatly increased, as more troops were needed at battlefields and other places. British forces used everything from trains to trucks and even taxis. They transported 500 men in 1914; 250 taxis took the reserve troops to the Battle of Marne and thousands of lorries were used to transport troops to Verdun in 1916.
• Communication: In 1914 both radios and telephones were the main ways of communication. These were very vital for the troops in trenches. However, that did not mean that messengers, dogs and pigeons were out of business.
• Tanks: Tanks were known as ‘The Chariots of God’ at first, they were giant blocks of metal that could carry 1-2 personnel and traveled at about 5 kilometers per hour. But scientists and developers kept making new and improved tanks and by 1918 the Anglo-American Mark 8th could carry up to 8 men, and at the same time fire 208 shells and up to 13,000 bullets. Although these beasts were powerful, they were not so reliable. Most broke down and a good example is the battle of Amiens. The British sent 525 tanks, and after four days, only 25 were left in working order. Rolls Royce also joined in the development of these tanks, by building their own armored car! It could travel up to 88 kilometers and had 8mm machine guns.
• Planes: These were the new types of weapons use in advanced technological warfare. They had everything from mini scout planes to huge blimp like bombers called Zeppelins. Air warfare was not seen as important as any other type so it did not have its own category.
• Naval Units: Naval ships were counted very important for some of the war. British specialized in Ships such as battleships, and the Germans specialized in Submarines.

1. Belgian resistance delayed the German forces
2. BEF (British Expeditionary Force) therefore managed to come to assistance at the Belgian town of MONS which further delayed the German forces
3. When the German troops started to move faster - they moved too fast. The logistics - food and ammunition could not keep up. Soon the soldiers were underfed and exhausted.
4. Russia attacked within two weeks which was unexpected fast. Germany therefore had to send 100 000 men from the West Front to the East Front.
5. The original plan had been altered. The right wing that was supposed to be the strongest part of the German attack had been weakened. Some of the men that should have been there had been sent south to meet the French troops in Lorraine. Others were forced to leave to strengthen the Eastern Front (100 000 men) and then the German Generals decided to move more directly towards Paris...

• WWI - Western Front
• WWI - Eastern Front
• WWI - Italian Front
• WWI - Serbian Front
• WWI - Turkish Front
• WWI - Mesopotamian Front
• WWI - Palestinian Front

Thursday 11/2: Today we did the Role Play! It's interesting to see how well you took the role of your countries and characters - and in the end produced a Versailles Treaty fairly similar to the "real one". Good job!

• Manchurian Crisis (Japan, a permanent member of the LoN Council, invaded and occupied Manchuria 1931)
• Abyssinian Crisis (Italy, another permanent member of the LoN Council, invaded and occupied Abyssinia 1935)
• German rearmament and Anschluss (Germany started to break several of the agreements from the Versailles Treaty and in 1938 Austria were joined "Anschluss" with Germany - very much against the Versailles Treaty)
• Spanish Civil War 1936-39 (some historians have seen the Spanish Civil War as part of WWII...)

• Moral condemnation: The Council decided which country was the "aggressor" and then condemn them and told them to stop what it was doing.
• Economic and financial sanctions: Members of the LoN could refuse to trade with the aggressor.
• Military force: The armed forces of member countries could be used against an aggressor.

• Political opponents claimed that the concept of the League ran counter to the Founding Fathers advice against "entangling alliances" with foreign nations...
• Political opponents also claimed that the concept of the League was against the Monroe Doctrine (the Monroe Doctrine is a United States policy introduced on December 2, 1823, which stated that further efforts by European countries to colonize land or interfere with states in the Americas would be viewed by the United States of America as acts of aggression requiring US intervention)
• Presidential elections 1920 - The Republican candidate Warren G Harding won the election. He declared that the ratification of the treaties was a "dead issue"...
• The Republican Senator Henry Cabot Lodge (Massachusetts) by several historians claimed to be the first Senate majority leader said "The United States is the world's best hope, but if you fetter her in the interests and quarrels of other nations, if you tangle her in the intrigues of Europe, you will destroy her powerful good, and endanger her very existence. Leave her to march freely through the centuries to come, as in the years that have gone. Strong, generous, and confident, she has nobly served mankind. Beware how you trifle with your marvelous inheritance; this great land of ordered liberty. For if we stumble and fall, freedom and civilization everywhere will go down in ruin." His view had a great impact on the public opinion...

• Some Americans (quite a few) were very critic against the Peace Treaties. Many of them were recent immigrants and there were of course millions of German, Austrian, Hungarian, etc... immigrants who had never approved America joining the war against their old home countries. They did not the US to now support the League as it squeezed reparation payments out of the defeated countries.
• To many Americans the plans for the League of Nations suggested America was promising to send it troops to settle every little conflict around the world. They wanted no part of that...
• Other Americans worried about the economic cost of joining the League. They thought it was like the US would sign a "blank cheque"... By signing the US would promise to solve all international problems regardless of the cost. The US had become a powerful country by isolationism therefore the US should continue to just mind its own business.
• Some Americans opposed the League because they were "Anti-British", "Anti-French" or just against the idea of colonial possessions. They feared that the League of Nations would be under British and French control. Then the US would be forced to fight for the British and/or French Empire. They found that idea revolting...

• The Assembly. This was the League's Parliament. Every nation who was a member sent a representative to the Assembly. The Assembly could recommend action to the council and vote on: admitting new members to the LoN / appointing temporary members to the Council (beside the permanent members) / the budget to the League / the amendment of the League Constitution / other ideas put forward by the Council. The Assembly only met once a year. Decisions made by the Assembly had to be unanimous - 100% of the votes...
• The Secretariat. This was the "office force" - the administration of the League. It kept records of League meetings and prepared reports for the different agencies of the League. The Secretariat had specialist sections covering areas such as health, disarmament and economic matters.
• The Council. The Council was a smaller group which met more often, usually about five times a year (and more if there was an emergency). It included 4 permanent members; Great Britain, France, Italy and Japan. Later Germany (1926) joined and the USSR (1934) - as permanent members of the Council. Each permanent member of the Council had a veto. This meant that one of the permanent member could stop any decision even if all other members supported it. It also included some temporary members that were elected by the Assembly over a period of three years. The number of temporary members varied between 4 and 9 at different times in the League's history.

• by reduction of armaments
• by abolishing secret diplomacy- all treaties and agreements should be registered with the League
• by the member nations agreeing to let the League arbitrate any dispute that could not be settled peaceably, and then also accept the decision handed down
• by the member nations agreeing to take joint action against any member nation that ignored a League decision. The action included the following steps; Moral condemnation: The Council decided which country was the "aggressor" and then condemn them and told them to stop what it was doing. - Economic and financial sanctions: Members of the LoN could refuse to trade with the aggressor. - Military force: The armed forces of member countries could be used against an aggressor.
• by accepting the Permanent Court of International Justice ("World Court"). The judges were elected and appaointed by the League. Not every member nation pledged to accept the ruling of this court - but a majority did...

• The League arranged plebiscites (Ex: the Saarland...)
• The League set up the Mandate System and the Mandate Commission

• ILO - the International Labor Organization (improve work conditions and wage levels in the world)
• Repatriation of Prisoners of War (POW's)
• Resettling refugees
• Loans to new nations (Austria, Hungary,...)
• Education (rebuilding schools, restocking libraries, etc...)
• Public Health (control epidemics, standardize serums + drugs, establish international standards of nutrition, etc...)

• Most conflicts (over 30 serious once) in the 1920's were solved peacefully (Ex: Greece/Bulgaria 1925, Yugoslavia/Albania 1927,...)
• 63 Member States 1937!
• ILO (International Labor Organization)
• Health Organization (later WHO)
• The League arranged plebiscites (Ex: the Saarland ...)
• Mandate System
• Loans to new nations ( Austria, Hungary,...)
• Repatriation of Prisoners of War (POW's)
• Resettling refugees
• Education (rebuilding schools, restocking libraries, etc...)
• Established an International rule of Law. The Permanent Court of International Justice (based in the Hague in the Netherlands )
• Naval disarmament - Washington 1922 / London 1927 / Geneva 1930
• Locarno Treaties 1925 (Locarno Spring...)
• Kellogg-Briand Pact 1928

• USA did not join!
• The rule of unanimity on important decisions blocked action...
• Disarmament of Land and Air Forces failed
• The League of Nations did not have a military force and the League members were not obliged to supply arms even if the LoN recommended it
• French Alliance System after WWI (like the “Little Entente”…)
• Poland-Lithuania dispute 1922 (Vilna)
• Ruhr Occupation 1923
• Corfu Incident 1923 (Showed that there was a difference between big nations and small nations in the LoN)
• Wall Street Crash 1929…
• 1930's - The Third Reich (Hitler); German rearmament, Germany remilitarized the Rhineland , Anschluss ( Union between Germany and Austria ), etc…
• Japan, Germany and Italy left the League of Nations in the 1930’s
• Manchurian Crisis 1931 - Japan attacked and occupied Manchuria (belonged to China )
• Abyssinian Crisis 1935 Italy attacked and occupied Abyssinia (Free Country in Africa )
• Spanish Civil War 1936-1939
• WWII

1. Discuss three main causes of WWI.
2. “Balkan became the most dangerous spot in Europe before WWI”. To what extent do you agree with this statement?
3. Why did Germany and her Allies lose WWI?
4. The Versailles Treaty has been viewed as both fair and unfair. Discuss both views.
5. What were the main aims of the Paris Peace Treaties and to what extent were these aims fulfilled?
6. Discuss the foundation of the League of Nations; background, aims and establishment.
7. Why did the US not join the League of Nations?
8. “The 1920’s was mostly successful for the League of Nations”. To what extent do you agree with this statement?
9. Discuss the success and the failures of the League of Nations during the interwar period.
10. Describe the foundation and development of the Weimar Republic. Why did it fail?
11. What were the main reasons behind the Russian Revolution in February/March 1917?
12. Russia faced two revolutions in 1917 – Why?
13. How did Stalin establish and consolidate his power in the USSR between the years 1922(24) and 1939?
14. Compare and contrast the economic and political development in two European countries during the interwar period.
15. The interwar years were turbulent outside Europe. Discuss the development in either the US, Latin America, Africa, the Middle East or India.

• Petrograd February/March 1917
• Tsar Nicholas II abdicates
• Dual Power System; Provisional Government / Petrograd Soviet
• Lenin returns to Russia – Publish April Theses (Pravda)

• Land, Bread and Peace
• All Power to the Soviets
• No co-operation with the Provisional Government

• May - First All-Russian Congress of Soviets
• June - WWI “Kerensky Offensive” - total failure
• July Days - Riots in Petrograd - Bolsheviks accused of treason (Lenin fled to Finland…)
• August – Kornilov Revolt
• August/September - Election to the Petrograd Soviet (and other local Soviets)

• Written Assignment
• Oral Presentation
• Test
• In-class-essay

I then told the class to think about this and tell me what they wanted at the end of the lesson. With this part done I started to show a film about Adolf Hitler's background and his early political career (we will see the end of this film tomorrow). During the last ten minutes I asked you if you had any other suggestion besides the four I had written on the whiteboard. One student suggested “Project”. We added that and then we had a class vote. The suggestion “Written Assignment” received most votes – so that’s what we will do. I’ll try to prepare some questions for tomorrow – you will go home and think what you would like to cover. Then we put our suggestions together and each one of you will get a specific topic to work on. I will also bring the grade boundaries. See you tomorrow :-)

1. Sandra - Germany 1919-1945
2. Sofie - Italy 1919-1945
3. Victor H. - Japan 1919-1945
4. Andrea - Great Britain 1919-1945
5. Marc - USA 1919-1945
6. Margret - Russia 1919-1945
7. Agnes - France 1919-1945
8. Lina - Sweden 1919-1945
9. Alma - India 1919-1945
10. Daniel - Hitler and the NSDAP
11. Livia - Mussolini and the Fascist Party
12. Lisa - Lenin/Stalin and the Communist Party
13. Louise - WWII in Europe 1939-1940
14. Rebecca - WWII in Europe 1941-1942
15. Carl - WWII in Europe 1943-1944
16. Viktor S. - WWII in Europe 1945-
17. Denise - WWII in Asia/Pacific 1937-1941
18. Matilda - WWII in Asia/Pacific 1942-1945
19. Julia - WWII Innovations of war (tactics, weapon, etc...)
20. Astrid - WWII Suffering civilians and the holocaust
21. Josefine - WWII Suffering civilians and the holocaust
22. Christian - WWII Opposition and resisting occupation
23. Nils - Living through WWII