1. Give out a summary – notes before next class which will give us a chance to focus on the right part
2. Give us more in-class-essays
3. Give a few questions before next class and let us discuss these questions during class. Make sure the questions can be answered in different ways
4. Cut down homework to one homework a week (if possible from one week to the next one)
5. Do ordinary lectures where you write on the whiteboard
6. More role plays (like the Versailles Treaty)
7. Debates – like Wilhelm II being a ”Personal Ruler” or a ”Shadow Emperor”
8. Class presentations where each group writes on the whiteboard
9. Go through Morris, each part thoroughly, in class

• I will try to have short notes ready to give to you at the end of class so you know what is essential to study for the next lesson. On these short notes should be room for your own comments
• I will also give you a question or a few questions at the end of class and this/these question(s) will be the focus of next class
• You will have several in-class essays
• You will only have one homework a week (if possible from the last lesson that week to the first lesson next week)
• I will combine the discussions with some lecturing with some writing on the whiteboard
• We will, only if we have time, do a role play or a debate
• We will not have any class presentations on the whiteboard or go through Morris thoroughly in class – these two points were far under all the other ones…

1. AIM OF THE THIRD REICH? Answer: The NSDAP and the traditional German government had to merge (”Become one and the same”)
2. How did Adolf Hitler and the NSDAP try to fullfill the aim?
3. What happened to the traditional power structures?
4. What was the role of the NSDAP in the Third Reich?
5. How much power did Adolf Hitler have?
6. What were the main problems of the power structure in the Third Reich?
7. How come Hitler accepted these problems?
8. So… Who had the power in the Third Reich?

1. AIM OF THE THIRD REICH? Answer: The NSDAP and the traditional German government had to merge (”Become one and the same”)
2. How did Adolf Hitler and the NSDAP try to fullfill the aim?
3. What happened to the traditional power structures?
4. What was the role of the NSDAP in the Third Reich?
5. How much power did Adolf Hitler have?
6. What were the main problems of the power structure in the Third Reich?
7. How come Hitler accepted these problems?
8. So… Who had the power in the Third Reich?

IB3BG 14/9: We went through the topic "The Power Structure of the Third Reich" (click on the title). At the end of the lesson I handed out some papers about "The Foreign Policy of the Third Reich". We will start the next lesson by going through "The Economy of the Third Reich" and then you get to work on the foreign policies...

1. Describe the main economical aims of the Third Reich 1933-1939.
2. What were the main economic policies in the Third Reich 1933-1936?
3. Who were the dominant individuals in the German economy 1933-1936?
4. What were the main problems in the German economy 1933-1936?
5. What were the main economic policies in the Third Reich 1936-1939?
6. Who were the dominant individuals in the German economy 1936-1939?
7. What were the main problems in the German economy 1936-1939?
8. Who gained from the Nazi economy 1933-1939?
9. Who were the “losers” from the Nazi economy 1933-1939?
10. In what ways did the development of the German economy 1933-1939 correspond with the Nazi ideology?
11. So… did the German economy improve between 1933-1939?

IB3BG 17/9: I started this class by going through the German Economy 1933-1939 very briefly (it will be done more in detail on Monday when I also will give you my answers to the questions). If you have not done the “The Power Structure of the Third Reich” or “The Economy of the Third Reich” do them and send to me asap. Here you can find the questions to the economy part:

1. Describe the main economical aims of the Third Reich 1933-1939.
2. What were the main economic policies in the Third Reich 1933-1936?
3. Who were the dominant individuals in the German economy 1933-1936?
4. What were the main problems in the German economy 1933-1936?
5. What were the main economic policies in the Third Reich 1936-1939?
6. Who were the dominant individuals in the German economy 1936-1939?
7. What were the main problems in the German economy 1936-1939?
8. Who gained from the Nazi economy 1933-1939?
9. Who were the “losers” from the Nazi economy 1933-1939?
10. In what ways did the development of the German economy 1933-1939 correspond with the Nazi ideology?
11. So… did the German economy improve between 1933-1939?

We spend most of the time in class working with “The Foreign Policy of the Third Reich 1933- 1939”. This part is also your homework. Here are the questions for that part:

1. Describe the main aims of the German Foreign Policy 1933-1939.
2. Compare ”the traditional aims of the German Foreign Policy” with Hitler’s aims.
   Similarities? Differences?
3. What were the main Foreign Policy of the Third Reich 1933-1935?
4. Explain the main Foreign Policy of the Third Reich 1933-1935.
5. What were the main Foreign Policy of the Third Reich 1936-1939?
6. Explain the main Foreign Policy of the Third Reich 1936-1939.
7. In what way did Hitler openly reject the Versailles Treaty?
8. Explain how and why Hitler was able to achieve Anschluss in March 1938.
9. Explain how Hitler was able to gain control of Czechoslovakia without war.
10. Explain Hitler’s policy towards Poland in 1939. Assess how successful it was…
11. Discuss how the European powers reacted to Hitler’s Foreign Policy 1933-1939.
12. Was Hitler a “master planner” or an “opportunist”?
13. So… Why was Hitler’s Foreign Policy so successful 1933-1939?

1. Describe the main aims of the German Foreign Policy 1933-1939.
2. Compare ”the traditional aims of the German Foreign Policy” with Hitler’s aims.
   Similarities? Differences?
3. What were the main Foreign Policy of the Third Reich 1933-1935?
4. Explain the main Foreign Policy of the Third Reich 1933-1935.
5. What were the main Foreign Policy of the Third Reich 1936-1939?
6. Explain the main Foreign Policy of the Third Reich 1936-1939.
7. In what way did Hitler openly reject the Versailles Treaty?
8. Explain how and why Hitler was able to achieve Anschluss in March 1938.
9. Explain how Hitler was able to gain control of Czechoslovakia without war.
10. Explain Hitler’s policy towards Poland in 1939. Assess how successful it was…
11. Discuss how the European powers reacted to Hitler’s Foreign Policy 1933-1939.
12. Was Hitler a “master planner” or an “opportunist”?
13. So… Why was Hitler’s Foreign Policy so successful 1933-1939?

1. Analyze the methods used and the conditions which helped in the rise to power of one ruler of a single-party state.
2. Analyze the methods used by Hitler to maintain power in Germany.
3. “Hitler’s control and organization of the Nazi State was less effective than is commonly believed.” To what extent do you agree with this statement?
4. Analyze the economic problems faced by Germany between 1933 and 1939
5. Assess the importance of foreign policy for one ruler of a single-party state.

1. Why did the February Revolution break out 1917?
2. Why did the October Revolution break out 1917?
3. Why did the Provisional Government fail 1917?

1. Why did the February Revolution break out 1917?
2. Why did the October Revolution break out 1917?
3. Why did the Provisional Government fail 1917?

1. Analyze the methods used and the conditions which helped in the rise to power of one ruler of a single-party state.
2. Analyze the methods used by Hitler to maintain power in Germany.
3. “Hitler’s control and organization of the Nazi State was less effective than is commonly believed.” To what extent do you agree with this statement?
4. Analyze the economic problems faced by Germany between 1933 and 1939
5. Assess the importance of foreign policy for one ruler of a single-party state.

Freedom and Hope - Part 2

Freedom and Hope - Part 4

Freedom and Hope - Part 5

During the last minutes of class you received the following homework - Answer these questions:

1. Why did the Provisional Government fail?
2. Mention the Bolshevik reforms 1917-1918.
3. What were the CAUSES of the Russian Civil War?
4. Explain the COURSE of the Russian Civil War.
5. What were the RESULTS of the Russian Civil War?
6. Explain how Stalin could come into power.

• Decree on Peace
• Decree on Land
• The Council of Peoples Commissars (Sovnarkom)

• Decree on the Press

• Decree on 8-Hour Working Day

The Bolsheviks lost the election to the Constitutional Assembly

• Decree Abolishing Classes and Civil Ranks
• Decree on Courts
• Decree on the separation of State and Church
• Decree on the Election of Officers and on the Organization of Authority in the Army
• Decree on the Equalization of Rights of All Serving in the Army
• Decree on the State Independence of Finland
• Decree on the Clock Change
• Decree on the Formation of the Supreme Economic Council of National Economy
• The establishment of a secret political police – the CHEKA
• Decree on the Nationalization of the Banks

• Decree on the Dissolution of the Constituent Assembly

• Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland were given up to Germany and Austria.
• Areas in Southern Caucasus were given up to Turkey.
• Finland, Georgia and the Ukraine were to have their independence recognized.
• 6000 million marks were to be paid as reparations.

• Russia lost 26% of the population
• Russia lost 32% of the arable land
• Russia lost 33% of all manufacturing industries
• Russia lost 75% of the coal and iron resources

• Banks were nationalized
• Mineral resources were nationalized
• Industrial concerns were nationalized
• Foreign trade was nationalized
• Inheritance of property was made illegal

• RSFSR was a “ classless society”
• RSFSR had freedom of worship
• All private ownership of property was forbidden
• Universal suffrage (except for: former members or agents of the Tsarist government, those who had profited from the labor of others, those with unearned income, priests, lunatics and criminals…)
• The economic principle was “he who does not work neither shall he eat”…

• CAUSES
• COURSE
• RESULTS

• RUSSIA 1920-1924

• Power Struggle
• Collectivization
• Industrialization....

• RUSSIA 1920-1924
• Power Struggle

• Collectivization
• Industrialization....

• RUSSIA 1920-1924
• Power Struggle

• Collectivization
• Industrialization....

• Purges
• Foreign Policy

• Industrialization
• Purges
• Foreign Policy

IB3BG 15/10: I started this lesson by asking the following question "To what extent was Stalin's economic policies successful?". I gave you ten minutes to think about this question and then we went through it. You covered the "Introduction" which contained the question and I also suggested that you made a brief outline of the coming essay. The start of the main text included main aims for the whole economy. Then you covered the Collectivization - specific aims as well as how well these aims were fullfilled. You continued with the Industrialization - specific aims and how well these aims were fullfilled. In the end I said that you needed to discuss the relations between these two "economies" and then see if the main economic aims had been fullfilled. Don't forget to also discuss all the negative aspects...
The rest of the lesson was spent on the way Stalin could make this system work - through terror. We went through the Purges. See you on Thursday. We will then go through the very last part - the Foreign Policy...

1. Extricating Russia from the war: October 1917 - March 1918
2. The Civil War: 1918-20
3. The need for recovery and peace: 1921-27
4. The left turn of the Comintern: 1928-33
5. Collective security against fascism: 1934-39
6. The Nazi-Soviet Pact 1939

1. G. V. Chicherin (Commissar of F.A. between 1918-1930) - not member of the Politburo. Pro-German - anti-British!
2. M. M. Litvinov (Commissar of F.A. between 1930-1939) - not member of the Politburo. Pro-British and anti-German!
3. V. G. Molotov (Commissar of F.A. between 1939-1949) - member of the Politburo. Not anti-German!

• Security issues - fear of invasion
• Economic backwardness
• The background and view of those making Soviet policy (Lenin, Trotsky, Stalin and the different Commissars of Foreign Affairs)
• The Domestic situation (revolution, civil war, power struggle, collectivization, industrialization, purges...)
• Attitudes of other countries (esp. the rise of Hitler and the failure of the British and French to act against him)
• Ideology (esp. the connection with COMINTERN)

Areas of focus:

• Aims of the participants and peacemakers: Wilson and the Fourteen Points
• Terms of the Paris Peace Treaties 1919-20: Versailles, St Germain, Trianon, Neuilly, Sèvres/ Lausanne 1923
• The geopolitical and economic impact of the treaties on Europe; the establishment and impact of the mandate system
• Enforcement of the provisions of the treaties on Europe; US isolationism – the retreat from the Anglo-American Guarantee; disarmament – Washington, London, Geneva conferences
• The League of Nations: effects of the absence of major powers; the principle of collective security and early attempts at peacemaking (1920-25)
• The Ruhr Crisis (1923); Locarno and the “Locarno Spring” (1925)
• Depression and threats to international peace and collective security: Manchuria (1931-33) and Abyssinia (1935-36)

1. Who were the main participants and peacemakers in the end of WWI?
2. What were the aims of the participants and peacemakers in the end of WWI?
3. Clearly identify the contradictions of opinions towards defeated Germany between the victorious powers after WWI.
4. Outline the key policies adopted by the Allied Powers in the Treaty of Versailles.

5. “Neither a peace of revenge nor a peace of reconciliation” – To what extent do you agree with this statement? (Make short list of arguments and evidence)
6. Discuss the view that the Versailles settlement was an unsatisfactory compromise between hopes for reconciliation and a desire to punish Germany. (Make a short list of arguments and evidence)

7. What impact did the Treaty of Versailles have on Germany (Make a short list of arguments and evidence)
8. Outline the main terms of the Treaties of St Germain, Neuilly and the Trianon.
9. What impact did the Treaties of St Germain, Neuilly and the Trianon have on Eastern and Central Europe.
10. What were the main terms of the Treaty of Sèvres?
11. How were the Turks able to achieve a revision of the Treaty of Sèvres – and what were the new main terms of the Treaty of Lausanne?
12. What were the general impacts of the Paris Peace Treaties – geopolitical and economic – on Europe?
13. Explain the Mandate System.

1. Explain the background to the formation of the League of Nation’s. Present the main ideas, how the League was formed, when it was formed, who joined, who did not join and why did they not join? (Sulina)
2. The League of Nation’s home was in Geneva, Switzerland. The League was based on a Covenant which was a set of 26 Articles/rules which all member states of the League of Nation’s agreed to follow. What were the main aims of the League of Nation’s according to the Covenant? (esp. Article 10). (Juliette)
3. Discuss the leadership of the League of Nation’s. Who were the main leaders? Was this a strength or a weakness of the League? Explain why… In what way was this leadership visible? (Linn)
4. Present the structure of the League of Nation’s. Discuss the strength and/or weaknesses of the different bodies and of the League of Nation’s as an organization. (Gabriel)
5. What were the main problems presented to the League of Nation’s in the 1920’s and how were they solved by the League? Can you detect any strength/weakness in the work the League of Nation’s in the 1920’s (Frida)
6. Describe the League of Nation’s work for disarmament in the 1920’s. What measures were taken? Success? Failure? + Why did it succeed and/or fail? (Olivia)
7. The League of Nation’s in the 1930’s. Explain the Wall Street Crash. In what way did this economic depression affect the work of the League of Nations? (George)
8. The League of Nation’s in the 1930’s. What was the background to the Manchurian Crisis? How was it solved by the League of Nations? (Richard)
9. The League of Nation’s in the 1930’s. What was the background to the Abyssinian Crisis? How was it solved by the League of Nations? (Camilla)
10. The League of Nation’s in the 1930’s. Describe the League of Nation’s work for disarmament in the 1930’s. What measures were taken? Success? Failure? + Why did it succeed and/or fail? (Bryndis)

1. Explain the background to the formation of the League of Nation’s. Present the main ideas, how the League was formed, when it was formed, who joined, who did not join and why did they not join? (Margot, Andrea)
2. The League of Nation’s home was in Geneva, Switzerland. The League was based on a Covenant which was a set of 26 Articles/rules which all member states of the League of Nation’s agreed to follow. What were the main aims of the League of Nation’s according to the Covenant? (esp. Article 10). (Jasmine, Vanessa)
3. Discuss the leadership of the League of Nation’s. Who were the main leaders? Was this a strength or a weakness of the League? Explain why… In what way was this leadership visible? (Christian B, Hannes)
4. Present the structure of the League of Nation’s. Discuss the strength and/or weaknesses of the different bodies and of the League of Nation’s as an organization. (Sofia, Linnea)
5. What were the main problems presented to the League of Nation’s in the 1920’s and how were they solved by the League? Can you detect any strength/weakness in the work the League of Nation’s in the 1920’s (Christian H, Carl)
6. Describe the League of Nation’s work for disarmament in the 1920’s. What measures were taken? Success? Failure? + Why did it succeed and/or fail? (Lovisa, Danielle)
7. The League of Nation’s in the 1930’s. Explain the Wall Street Crash. In what way did this economic depression affect the work of the League of Nations? (Sarah, Frida)
8. The League of Nation’s in the 1930’s. What was the background to the Manchurian Crisis? How was it solved by the League of Nations? (Mi, Carlos)
9. The League of Nation’s in the 1930’s. What was the background to the Abyssinian Crisis? How was it solved by the League of Nations? (Jacintha, Renée)
10. The League of Nation’s in the 1930’s. Describe the League of Nation’s work for disarmament in the 1930’s. What measures were taken? Success? Failure? + Why did it succeed and/or fail? (Dario, Hamza)

1. The League of Nation’s in the 1930’s. What was the background to the Manchurian Crisis? How was it solved by the League of Nations? (Mi, Carlos)
2. The League of Nation’s in the 1930’s. What was the background to the Abyssinian Crisis? How was it solved by the League of Nations? (Jacintha, Renée)
3. The League of Nation’s in the 1930’s. Describe the League of Nation’s work for disarmament in the 1930’s. What measures were taken? Success? Failure? + Why did it succeed and/or fail? (Dario, Hamza)

1. The League of Nation’s in the 1930’s. Explain the Wall Street Crash. In what way did this economic depression affect the work of the League of Nations? (George)
2. The League of Nation’s in the 1930’s. What was the background to the Manchurian Crisis? How was it solved by the League of Nations? (Richard)
3. The League of Nation’s in the 1930’s. What was the background to the Abyssinian Crisis? How was it solved by the League of Nations? (Camilla)
4. The League of Nation’s in the 1930’s. Describe the League of Nation’s work for disarmament in the 1930’s. What measures were taken? Success? Failure? + Why did it succeed and/or fail? (Bryndis)

On the 24th October and again on the 29th, share prices on Wall Street (the New York stock exchange) fell dramatically. This fall became known as the Wall Street Crash and it led to the Depression, which hit the USA in October 1929 and then spread to most countries in the world.

• In the 1920's share prices in the USA rose year after year. Many Americans believed that they could make money easily by investing in shares. The selling and buying of shares was almost uncontrolled in the USA . Many people bought shares without realizing that they could lose all of their money.
• Share prices went up because companies encouraged people to go on buying on credit. Hire purchase was easily available, but few people realized that it was very dangerous to go on selling on credit. Eventually people would not be able to make the repayments.
• Some companies that people invested their money in were bogus; they simply did not exist. Other companies did not tell the truth. It was difficult for investors to know what they were buying.
• The US government did not believe that it had any responsibility for what was happening. The Presidents in the 1920's, Warren Harding and Calvin Coolidge, believed that it was not their job to interfere.
• Some Americans predicted that a crash was coming, but very few people took them seriously. Most people believed that the USA was so wealthy and so powerful that it could not happen. They were wrong...

• The crash led to a massive loss of confidence on the part of the millions of Americans who had invested on Wall Street. Instead of investing and spending, people now began to save. All over the USA people drew their money out of banks and kept it at home.
• Many banks collapsed as people withdrew their money and many companies went bankrupt as people stopped spending. Millions of people were thrown out of work and by 1933 unemployment was at 13,000,000.
• The unemployed often lost their homes and were forced out onto the streets. Many began to live in huge shanty-towns on the outskirts of US cities. Here families lived in old crates and shacks put together from orange boxes. One family lived in the box that a grand piano had been delivered in. these shanty-towns became known as "Hoovervilles" after President Herbert Hoover, who did little to help the unemployed.
• Hoover believed in "Rugged Individualism ", he did not believe that it was the responsibility of the Federal Government to provide help, people should help themselves. When he eventually offered some help in 1931, it was only in the form of loans.
• When large numbers of ex-servicemen gathered in Washington in August 1932 to ask for the bonuses they had been promised for their war service, Hoover had them forced away by the US Army. So when Hoover stood for re-election in November 1932, he was defeated very easily by Franklin D. Roosevelt. (Franklin Roosevelt was elected President of the USA in November 1932. He was then re-elected in 1936, 1940 and 1944. He was the only man to be elected President on more than two occasions.)

• Roosevelt wanted to restore confidence in the Federal government. He did this by closing all the banks for four days to stop people drawing out their money. He made radio broadcasts, called "fireside chats", which told the American people what he was trying to do. He ordered that all letters sent to the President should be answered and help given if possible.
• Roosevelt then wanted to offer three things - Relief, Recovery and Reform. To do this he set up a series of government agencies. They were called the "Alphabet Laws", created to offer help to Americans;

1. the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) gave work in the countryside, clearing wasteland and planting forests. 4,000,000 people were given short-term jobs.
2. the Public Works Administration (PWA) built new public buildings, libraries and hospitals.
3. the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) built dams to provide electric power and to control flooding.
4. the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) gave farmers guaranteed prices for produce.
5. the National Recovery Administration (NRA) encouraged employers to pay fair wages and accept trade unions.
6. the Social Security Act gave workers unemployment pay.

Eventually, Roosevelt did manage to restore confidence in the Federal government. Unemployment fell from 13,000,000 in 1933 to 8,000,000 in 1940. But it was the Second World War that really ended the Depression in the USA. When the USA declared war in December 1941, unemployment quickly disappeared.
To many Americans Roosevelt was a hero, but some Americans hated him:

• Some Americans regarded Roosevelt as a traitor to his own class. As a very wealthy man they expected him to help the rich. In fact he raised taxes on the very rich and ignored their protests.
• Some people refused to say his name. They just called him "that man in the White House."
• Big business did not like Roosevelt or the New Deal. They saw it as the government interfering in things that were none of its business. Henry Ford hated Roosevelt. When Roosevelt visited one of Ford's factories during the Second World War, Henry Ford hid from him. He only agreed to meet Roosevelt when his son made him.
• Roosevelt was accused by some people of being a dictator. He tried to force the Supreme Court to accept laws and used the president's powers to issue Executive Orders. Others regarded Roosevelt as a Communist - they believed he was taking away from people in taxes what they had earned for themselves.

• There was high unemployment in the heavy industries such as shipbuilding, coal, steel and textiles. Shipbuilding was very badly hit as orders for new ships dried up. As world trade fell, no new ships were needed. This in turn affected the coal and steel industries, which depended on shipbuilding for many of their orders.
• Textiles, cotton and wool suffered because India and Japan began to produce these goods more cheaply. Cotton and wool were also affected by the development of man-made fibers, such as Dacron and Rayon. These were cheaper, easier to wash and longer-lasting.
• The collapse of these industries led to extreme hardship in the areas of Britain where these industries were concentrated, e.g. south Wales, the north-east around Newcastle, central Scotland, and the north-west in Lancashire and Cumbria. The worst affected towns were places such as Maryport, Whitehaven, Abertillery and Merthyr Tydfil, but the best known of all was Jarrow. Here unemployment reached 80% at one point.

• Unemployment - 1/5 to 1/3 of the workforce in most of the industrial powers were unemployed.
• The system of world trade and finance collapsed.
• The volume of trade fell 70% between 1929-1932.
• In 1931 Austria and Germany came to the brink of national bankruptcy.
• A timely moratorium (between mid 1931 to mid 1932) on all debts (initiated by the US) prevented the world credit system from seizing up altogether.
• At the Lausanne Conference 1932 it was decided that the financial clauses of the Treaty of Versailles should cease to exist. Instead a final lump sum of 3000 million marks should be paid by Germany. This sum was not paid...
• The prices of foodstuffs and raw materials collapsed. This left the poorer "primary producing" countries and European + American farmers faced with a sharp fall of income which reduced the demand for manufactured goods which pushed up the unemployment rates and the bankruptcies.

• US tariffs were sharply increased in 1930
• France manipulated its currency to remain competative abroad
• Britain (the financial centre of the world market) abandoned the commitment to free trade and the gold standard. They established a system of protection built around the empire

1. The League of Nation’s in the 1930’s. What was the background to the Abyssinian Crisis? How was it solved by the League of Nations? (Jacintha, Renée) / (Camilla)
2. The League of Nation’s in the 1930’s. Describe the League of Nation’s work for disarmament in the 1930’s. What measures were taken? Success? Failure? + Why did it succeed and/or fail? (Dario, Hamza) / (Bryndis)

1. The League of Nation’s in the 1930’s. What was the background to the Abyssinian Crisis? How was it solved by the League of Nations? (Jacintha, Renée)
2. The League of Nation’s in the 1930’s. Describe the League of Nation’s work for disarmament in the 1930’s. What measures were taken? Success? Failure? + Why did it succeed and/or fail? (Dario, Hamza)

1. The League of Nation’s in the 1930’s. What was the background to the Abyssinian Crisis? How was it solved by the League of Nations? (Camilla)
2. The League of Nation’s in the 1930’s. Describe the League of Nation’s work for disarmament in the 1930’s. What measures were taken? Success? Failure? + Why did it succeed and/or fail? (Bryndis)

1. "Causes of WWII" - This is a paper that you should fill in (4 main causes - three "evidence" for each cause and the opinion of historians)
2. "The Spider" - A chronlogy of several events between WWI and WWII both as a "mindmap" (the Spider) and a list. In this paper you could also find the "Terms of the Treaty of Versailles" from two different sources as well as the different ways Germany broke the Versailles Treaty 1935-1939
3. "Causes of the Second World War" - This paper contains three different papers. The first one is a summary of Morris (going through German agression). The second paper covers "Historiography" - different causes and the debate among different historians. The third paper is just a different paper about the "Causes of WWII"...

• To what extent was Hitler and Germany the main reason for the outbreak of WWII?
• To what extent was the Appeasement policy the main reason for the outbreak of WWII?
• To what extent was the Versailles Treaty the main reason for the outbreak of WWII?
• To what extent was the Wall Street Crash and the following Depression the main reason for the outbreak of WWII?
• To what extent was Stalin and the USSR the main reason for the outbreak of WWII?

• Industry and agriculture came under more direct government control
• Rationing was introduced
• Propaganda machinery was established (RAF dropped leaflets over Germany…)
• Children were evacuated to the countryside

• German submarines began a campaign of unrestricted attacks in which not only combatant but also neutral ships were sunk
• December 13th the German battleship ”Admiral Graf von Spee” was attacked by 3 British cruisers outside South America. ”Admiral Graf von Spee” was damaged and limped in to Montevideo to make repairs - Uruguay limited the time she could stay. Before the time expired the ship was taken out of port and scuttled (December 17th)
• February 19th 1940: A German auxiliary cruiser - the ”ALTMARK” with 299 British prisoners on board were in a Norwegian fjord. The British destroyer ”COSSACK” went in to the fjord and freed the prisoners from the ship. Norway protested against this attack…

• When the war expended into Africa (September 1940) and into Greece (October 1940)
• When Germany attacked the USSR (June 1941)
• When the US entered WWII (December 1941)

1. Lebensraum (ideological reason)
2. Ukraine would be a reliable source of cheap food (economic reason)
3. The German War Machine desperately needed access to oil and only a push to the Soviet Baku Oilfields could achieve this objective (economic reason)
4. The Soviet Union could be a source of cheap slave labour (economic and ideological reasons)
5. When the Soviet Union was defeated, the labor shortage in the German industry could be ended by the demobilization of many soldiers (economic reason)
6. Defeat of the Soviet Union would further isolate the British Empire (military reason)
7. Hitler was afraid that Stalin might have the same idea and attack first...

• October Revolution 1917 - the very first Communist regime established
• Russian Civil War 1918-1920 (21) - The White forces were supported by Western powers (USA, Great Britain, France...)
• The development of two economic systems (Capitalism against Communism)
• Post-War depression in Russia after the Civil War and mass starvation - Isolationism in the USA and a booming economy in the 1920's
• Stalin's reforms (forced collectivization and industrialization) made the Western World suspicious
• Stalin's Purges made the Western World very critical
• Appeasement policy made Stalin suspicious
• The Munich meeting in 1938 between Germany, Italy, Great Britain and France about Czechoslovakia - and Russia was not invited. This made Stalin very critical. He suspected a conspiracy against Russia
• MOLOTOV-RIBBENTROP PACT (August 1939) was the "Blanc Cheque" of WWII. Russian expansionism threatened the West
• WWII - Russian attack on Poland (which included the massacre of Katyn), the Russian strategy against the Baltic States (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania) and the Russian attack on Finland in the end of November 1939 proved Russian expansionism

1945 – February YALTA CONFERENCE – Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin. The following issues were discussed more in detail:
Poland: Move 300 km west + USSR agreed to let some members from London government join the Lublin gvt.
Eastern Europe: Stalin agreed to “Free Elections” in the countries of East Europe (according to the “Declaration of Liberated Europe”)
Japan: USSR promised that they would join the war within 2-3 months after the war ended in Europe. For this Stalin demanded compensation (South Sakhalin, Kurile Islands…)
UN: The USSR would join the UN and Molotov agreed to attend the first meeting in San Francisco (April 1945)
Germany: De-nazified, de-militarized, disarmed and divided (temporary!) into four (first three) occupation zones. An Allied Control Council (ACC) would be set up to govern Germany. Germany should pay $20 billion – 50% of this should go to the USSR

• President Roosevelt died (April 1945) and was replaced by Harry Truman
• Germany surrendered
• Churchill was replaced by Atlee during the conference
• The Red Army had occupied all of Eastern and Central Europe far into Germany
• The US tested the A-bomb with success

1945 – July/August POTSDAM CONFERENCE – Churchill/Atlee, Truman and Stalin. The following issues were discussed more in detail:
Poland: Truman protested against the Western border of Poland and the set up of the Polish Government – too much influence from the Lublin Poles
Eastern Europe: The US and President Truman were unhappy about the “Percentages Agreement” and wanted to change it – but there were little they could do since the Red Army occupied East and Central Europe
Japan: Since the US now had the A-bomb they did not encourage the USSR to join the war against Japan
UN: The UN was now a reality. Communist Russia, USA, UK, France and Nationalist China were the “Big 5” permanent members who could veto any initiative… (and they did)
Germany: The Allies could not agree on how to de-Nazify and de-militarize Germany so they got to do it their own ways in their own respective zone

• Communist minorities gather national resistance groups in "patriotic fronts"; after liberation supported by Red Army
• Establishment of "provisional governments": exiled communists, schooled in Moscow receive key positions in state and Party
• Relatively free elections, coalition governments led by bourgeois candidates. Communists control of Ministry of Interior (police forces - apparatus of state repression). Reconstruction: popular land reforms and nationalization
• Elimination of bourgeois party majorities, esp. by terror. Formation of socialist unity parties under Communist leadership "bloc" politics, new coalition governments with "fellow-traveling" parties, leaders of the opposition eliminated (some fled to the West)
• Formation of Communist governments through controlled national elections based on unity lists Persecution of the Church & internal purges of the Party: show trials of "deviators"
• New peoples' democracies conform to Soviet example: Collectivization of agriculture, supra-regional economic planning & military commands: COMINFORM (1947); by 1948, treaties of friendship and mutual assistance signed with USSR and other democracies; COMECON (1949); the WARSAW PACT (1955)...

• The USSR’s view of the world was a traditional one of security
• The USSR wanted to advance the Stalinist ideology
• The Soviet regime was cruel and repressive. The regime claimed they needed to be in control since the world around them were so hostile
• The USSR was fanatically hostile to the West
• The logic consequence of Kennan’s telegram was to use “force” (or as President Truman wrote in a letter to the Secretary of State, James Byrnes: “…unless Russia is faced with an iron fist and strong language, war is in the making”.)
• A policy of Containment of Communism should therefore be developed

• withdrew from the IMF (International Monetary Fund)
• stepped up the tone and intensity of anti-Western propaganda
• initiated a new five-year plan of self-strengthening

• October Revolution 1917
• Russian Civil War 1918-1920(21)
• The development of two economic systems (Capitalism against Communism)
• Post-War depression in Russia / Isolationism in the USA and a booming economy in the 1920's
• Stalin's reforms (forced collectivization and industrialization) made the Western World suspicious
• Stalin's Purges made the Western World very critical
• Appeasement policy made Stalin suspicious (esp. The Munich meeting)
• MOLOTOV-RIBBENTROP PACT (August 1939)
• WWII - Russian attack on Poland (which included the massacre of Katyn), the Russian strategy against the Baltic States (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania) and the Russian attack on Finland in the end of November 1939 proved Russian expansionism

• 1941 - August Atlantic Declaration/Atlantic Charter – Churchill and Roosevelt
• 1943 - January CASABLANCA CONFERENCE – Churchill and Roosevelt
• 1943 - NovemberCAIRO CONFERENCE – Churchill, Roosevelt and Chiang Kai-shek (Republic of China)
• 1943 - November TEHRAN CONFERENCE – Stalin, Churchill and Roosevelt
• 1944 - October Percentage Agreement – Stalin and Churchill meet in Moscow
• 1945 – February YALTA CONFERENCE – Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin
• 1945 – April UN Conference in San Francisco
• 1945 – July/August POTSDAM CONFERENCE – Churchill/Atlee, Truman and Stalin

• withdrew from the IMF (International Monetary Fund)
• stepped up the tone and intensity of anti-Western propaganda
• initiated a new five-year plan of self-strengthening

1. The Truman Doctrine
2. The Marshall Plan
3. COMINFORM
4. COMECON

1. The huge support for the anti-Communist Parties of Italy - especially the Christian Democrats
2. The encouragement to get Italians in the US to write home and warn their relatives for the concequences of a Communist regime in Italy
3. The Catholic Church and the Pope who announced a "modern crusade" against the Communists. They could not be married in the Church and the leading communists were excommunicated. This was devastating in a country were it was possible to be a Catholic at the same time as you were a Communist.

- They could not agree on how to reunite Germany:
Western powers wanted election first – then reunification
Soviet wanted reunification first – then elections

• A departure from the traditional US isolationistic policy
• Might have been the point when Truman made his mind up to consolidate West’s position in West Germany

IB3BG 11/3: "Mock Exam" - Paper 2. I handed out the questions and then we looked at them together. You could at least answer four different questions in three different sections if you had studied what we covered in class... Then I handed out the corrected papers and the mark schemes. That ended the mock exams in this group. Now we need to concentrate on "revision". Please bring material, papers and your books to the next lesson when we will start to cover Russia/USSR. Remember to do you homework as well: the introduction to the Chinese Civil Wars.

• Economic
• Social
• Political
• Religous
• Military

IB3BG 22/3: I started this lesson with revision right away! I handed out two revision papers - "Wilhelmine Germany" and "three revision papers in one" - "Weimar Republic" - "DAP/NSDAP" - "Third Reich". The first paper will be important when we go through "causes of WWI" but it's also good to know a few things about Wilhelmine Germany when you discuss the coming of Hitler...

• WWI Peace Treaties
• Versailles Treaty 1919
• League of Nations
• Disarmament
• Locarno Treaty
• Wall Street Crash
• Abyssinian Crisis
• Manchurian Crisis

1. What long-term problems faced the Weimar Republic ?
2. What early problems and threats did the Weimar Republic face?
3. What aspects of the Versailles Treaty did Germany resent?
4. What political opposition did the early Weimar Republic face?
5. What problems resulted from the Weimar Constitution?
6. What economic problems did the Weimar Republic face (1919-23)?
7. What were the long-term effects of the hyper-inflation crisis?

1. How stable was Germany during the Weimar Golden Years (1924-1929)
2. What evidence do we have of progress during the Weimar Golden Years?
3. What were Stresemann’s achievements?
4. What evidence is there of continuing problems, which were to contribute to the Republic’s collapse in 1933?

1. What did Hitler learn from the failure of the Beerhall Putch?
2. How did the Wall Street Crash undermine the Weimar Republic and transform the fortunes of the NSDAP?
3. How did the NSDAP become the second biggest party in Germany in 1930 and the largest in 1932?
4. Why were the messages of the NSDAP more effective in the 1930’s than in the 1920’s when they were basically the same?
5. Why did President Hindenburg not appoint Hitler as Chancellor in the summer of 1932?
6. Why did President Hindenburg appoint Hitler as Chancellor on January 30th 1933?

1. How appropriate is the term “totalitarian” as a description of the Third Reich?
2. Were the Nazi Party and the German State fully integrated?
3. Was Hitler a “Weak” or a “Strong” Dictator?
4. What evidence is there that Hitler attempted to rule in accordance with the ideology?
5. What were the main features of The Terror State?
6. What were the relations between the NSDAP and the Christian Churches like?

1. What were the main features of Hitler’s economic policy?
2. How did the NSDAP tackle unemployment when they came into power?
3. Was Hitler preparing for total war or limited war?
4. Was Hitler forced by a growing economic crisis to go to war in 1939?
5. Why was opposition to the Nazi regime so limited?

1. What were the main sources of evidence for Hitler’s foreign policy aims?
2. Why did Great Britain and France choose to appease Hitler between 1936 and 1938?
3. Why did WWII break out 1939?

• Single party dictatorship
• Cult of the leader
• An elaborate ideology, consisting of an official body of doctrine covering all vital aspects of man's existence to which everyone living in that society is supposed to adhere
• A system of terror...effected through party and secret-police control
• A monopoly of control by the party and the government of the media and all cultural activity
• Control of all aspects of citizens' lives through propaganda, education, mass organizations
• Centralized control and direction of the entire economy

IB3BD 20/4: I started this lesson by asking you about the main causes of WWII (revision from last week...). After you answered "Hitler+Germany" and "Appeasement" I asked you to add one more cause. Both "Wall Street Crash" and "Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact" were mentioned. Good!
The next part included the results of WWII. I handed ou a paper. We first covered the "old paper" about WWII then we went through the new paper. This gave you several different results but don't forget the most obvious one: Germany and her allies lost the war! We then covered the "Origin of the Cold War". This is also a result of WWII! Before you left I urged the students of Standard Level to pick up the revision paper about "Spanish Civil War". You could have good use for it in paper 2...